This skin cancer guide can save your life. Here’s everything you need to know

Several factors can increase the risk of developing skin cancer, including excessive sun exposure, a history of sunburns, fair skin, a family history of skin cancer, and the use of tanning beds. Additionally, individuals with weakened immune systems or certain genetic conditions may be at higher risk. Understanding these risk factors can help you take proactive steps to reduce your chances of developing skin cancer.

Early detection of skin cancer is vital for successful treatment, as it significantly increases the chances of a full recovery. Recognizing warning signs early allows for timely medical intervention before the cancer spreads deeper into the skin or to other parts of the body.

New Growths

What it means: A new bump, spot, or patch that appears and doesn’t go away could be a warning sign.

What to do: Monitor the area for a few days. If it persists or grows, take a photo for comparison over time and make an appointment with a dermatologist.

Changes in Existing Moles

What it means: A mole you've had for years starts to change in shape, color, or size.

What to do: Use the ABCDE rule (detailed below) to assess the mole. If anything seems unusual, don't wait—schedule a skin check.

Non-Healing Lesions

What it means: Any wound, scab, or patch of skin that doesn’t heal within three weeks, or that heals and reopens repeatedly, could be cancerous.

What to do: Stop applying over-the-counter creams or ointments and see a dermatologist for an evaluation.

This simple rule helps you evaluate moles or skin spots that may be signs of melanoma, the most serious form of skin cancer:

A – Asymmetry
One half of the mole or spot does not match the other half. If you draw a line through the middle, the two sides should look similar—if they don’t, it could be a warning sign.

B – Border
Look at the edges of the spot. Melanomas often have uneven, ragged, notched, or blurred borders, unlike normal moles, which have smooth and even outlines.

C – Color
A spot that has more than one color or has uneven coloring can be concerning. You might see shades of brown, black, tan, red, white, or even blue within the same lesion.

D – Diameter
Melanomas are usually larger than 6 millimeters (about the size of a pencil eraser), though they can be smaller when first detected. Any new or growing mole should be monitored, especially if it’s larger than this size.

E – Evolving
Any change in size, shape, color, elevation, or symptoms such as itching, bleeding, or crusting may indicate a problem. Even a mole that looks harmless but is evolving over time should be checked.

Regular skin screenings by a healthcare professional can significantly increase the chances of detecting skin cancer early. Early-stage skin cancers are often easier to treat and have a higher cure rate. Self-examinations are also crucial; individuals should routinely check their skin for any changes and report them to their doctor.

Skin cancer is categorized into several types, each with distinct features. The most common types are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Other less common types include Merkel cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and sebaceous gland carcinoma. Understanding the characteristics of each type can aid in early recognition and treatment.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer. It typically appears as a pearly or waxy bump on sun-exposed areas like the face and neck. BCC grows slowly and rarely spreads, but it can cause significant damage to surrounding tissues if left untreated. Treatment options include surgical excision, Mohs surgery, cryotherapy, and topical medications.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) often presents as a firm, red nodule or a flat lesion with a scaly, crusted surface. It commonly occurs on sun-exposed areas such as the ears, face, and hands. SCC can be more aggressive than BCC, with a higher potential to spread. Treatments include surgical removal, radiation therapy, and topical chemotherapy.

Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, known for its ability to spread rapidly to other parts of the body. It often appears as a new mole or a change in an existing mole, following the ABCDE rule. Early-stage melanomas can be treated with surgical excision, while advanced cases may require immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or chemotherapy.

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare but aggressive skin cancer that appears as a painless, firm nodule on sun-exposed skin. It is more common in older adults and those with weakened immune systems. Treatment typically involves surgical removal, radiation therapy, and sometimes chemotherapy.

Kaposi sarcoma is a cancer that develops from the cells lining lymph or blood vessels. It presents as red or purple patches on the skin or mucous membranes. It is associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and is more common in individuals with HIV/AIDS. Treatment options include antiretroviral therapy, radiation, and chemotherapy.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare type of skin cancer that begins in the dermis and can invade deeper tissues. It appears as a firm, raised nodule that may be skin-colored or reddish-brown. Treatment usually involves Mohs micrographic surgery to ensure complete removal.

Sebaceous gland carcinoma is a rare and aggressive cancer that originates in the oil glands of the skin, often appearing as a painless lump on the eyelid. Early diagnosis is crucial, as it can spread to other parts of the body. Treatment typically involves surgical excision and, in some cases, radiation therapy.

If you notice any suspicious changes in your skin, schedule an appointment with a dermatologist as soon as possible. They may perform a biopsy to determine if the lesion is cancerous. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to preventing the spread of skin cancer and improving outcomes.

To reduce the risk of skin cancer, limit sun exposure, especially during peak hours, and wear protective clothing and broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher. Avoid tanning beds and perform regular skin self-exams. Additionally, educate yourself and others about the dangers of UV radiation.

A healthy diet rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals can support skin health and potentially reduce the risk of skin cancer. Foods high in vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and omega-3 fatty acids may offer protective benefits. Staying hydrated and maintaining a balanced diet can also support overall skin health.

Recent advances in skin cancer treatment include targeted therapies and immunotherapies that enhance the body's immune response to cancer cells. These treatments have shown promise in treating advanced melanomas and other aggressive skin cancers. Ongoing research continues to improve the effectiveness and accessibility of these therapies.

Numerous organizations provide support and resources for individuals affected by skin cancer, including the American Cancer Society and the Skin Cancer Foundation. These organizations offer educational materials, support groups, and financial assistance programs to help patients and their families navigate the challenges of a skin cancer diagnosis.